Hacking Articles|Raj Chandel's Blog

Multiple Ways to Install Kali

In this article, we will learn how to open the magic box of ethical hacking. Can you guess the name of that box? Ok, I tell you the name is KALI the magic box of ethical hacking. Through this article, you will learn the installation of Kali Linux on different platforms along with the features.

Table of Content

· Introduction of kali Linux

· Features of kali Linux

· Prerequsities for kali Linux installtion

· Kali installation on VM (Virtual machine)

· Kali installation on Virtual Box

· Kali installation on AWS

· Kali installation on Respberry pi

Introduction of Kali Linux

“The quieter you become, the more can to hear”---Kali Linux

As per my definition, Kali Linux is a magic box that contains multiple magic tools to play the magic. In technical terms, Kali Linux is an open-source, Debian based Linux distribution mainly for penetration testing, security auditing, computer Forensic, Security research, etc. it contains over 600 tools of information gathering(Amap, arp-scan, APT2, etc.), vulnerability analysis (Nmap, sqlmap, BBQSQL, etc., ), wireless attack( Airbase-ng, Air crack-ng, airplay-ng, etc.), web applications(BrupSuite, zaproxy, Web Scarab), exploitation (Metasploit, Armitage, crackle), forensics (DFF, Capstone, Binwalk, etc.), etc.
It is developed, maintained and funded by Offensive Security, a leading information security training company.

Features of Kali Linux

Free of cost –it is completely free of cost, you will never have to pay for it. All the development source code are freely available to you.

Over 600 tools available for different functionality e.g computer forensics, penetration testing, etc

Completely customizable – it is easy to customize based on your needs and preferences.

Usable on a wide range of ARM devices.

Prerequisites for Kali Linux Installation

Kali OS software package required a minimum of 10 GB hard disk space for installation.

Minimum 512MB Ram is required for i386 and amd64 architectures.

A bootable CD-DVD Drive or a USB stick.

Give me six hours to chop down a tree and I will spend the first for four sharpening the axe.—Abraham Lincoln

Installation of Kali on Vmware

Vmware Workstation enables users to set up virtual machines on a single physical machine and use them simultaneously along with the actual machine. A Virtual machine can be downloaded from www.vmware.com.

Download kali from http://kali.org/downloads/ 64 bit or 32 bit as per your computer capability.

Click on create a new virtual machine by selecting the Installer disc image file (ISO), and review the configured virtual machine and then powered on the created kali virtual machine.

At the boot menu, many options are available so I am going to describe all boot menu options briefly:

Live (amd64)

Probably the one you're searching for. This one will boot you into Kali, but only in the Live mode. That means, that when you terminate/shutdown your laptop everything you've saved/edited in Kali is lost. So if you make a file on your desktop, that file will be lost when you restart.

This is possible because Kali only writes to RAM and not your HDD.

Live (forensic mode)
This is a special and interesting mode. In this mode, the internal HDD is never touched, and the auto-mounting of devices is disabled. You'll use this when performing forensics on a device (e.g. recovering sensitive files, getting evidence in crime scenes.)

Live USB Persistence
Use this if you want to install Kali on the USB you booted from, this way you can save what you've done, etc. If you now place a file on your desktop, it's saved on your USB and is again accessible when you boot from it.

Live USB Encrypted Persistence
Same as above. Alone with this option, your USB is also encrypted with LUKS. If you choose USB Persistence, choose this one!

(Graphical) Install
If you want to install it on your HDD.

Install with speech synthesis
Install it, the text from the installation-menu is read out to you

But through the down arrow key, you can select Graphical install.

After selection of Graphical install, you will get the multiple next windows of

Preferred language selection- English (select as per your choice) then click continue

Location – United States (select as per your choice) click continue

Standard keymap – American English (select as per your choice) click on continue

On the next screen you will ask to configure the network, select Do not configure the network at this time and hit the continue.

Now in a single word, you can provide the hostname e.g. Kali (any name as per your choice). Then click on continue.

Set the password for the root account. Don’t forget the password you have set for the root account otherwise you have to install kali again.

On the next screen, select the time zone and click continue.

Kali detects the disk partitions. Select guided-use entire disk then click continue.

Installer confirms that partition you are going to use. Click continue.

Select the All files in one partition and click on continue.

Selection of disk partition has been done, you can see the overview of partition disk you currently configured, and select the Finish partitioning and write changes to disk. After that click on continue.

Click on yes to make the changes to disk as per the selected partition changes. Then click on continue.

After partition, now Kali will start installing, you have to around 30 minutes for installation.

After Kali installation, on the next screen, you will get the network mirror option. You need to select No and click on continue.

You get the option to install the GRUB boot loader as it should be safe to install it to the master boot record of your first hard drive. Select yes and click on continue.

Select the boot loader device for GRUB installation. Select /dev/sda and click Continue.

Now you will see the installation complete dialog box. Click to continue to finalize the installation and wait for the VM to reboot. After reboot, you will see the login screen. Log in with your username or root user and provide your password. You will then see the Kali Linux desktop.

Once the VM reboots, you will see the Kali Linux login screen.

Successfully, Kali installation has been done, now you can start working on Kali Linux.

Installation of Kali Linux on Virtual Box

VirtualBox is a software system for virtualizing the x86 computing design. It acts as a hypervisor, making a VM (virtual machine) within which the user will run another OS (operating system).

The OS within which VirtualBox runs is named the "host" OS. The OS running within the VM is named the "guest" OS. VirtualBox supports Windows, Linux, or macOS as its host OS.

If you have already got put in VirtualBox then well smart otherwise install the newest version and install it from https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads.

Prerequisites

· VirtualBox installed in your Linux system

· the image of Kali Linux present in your system

· at least 4GB of RAM

· at least 20-30GB of free disk space

· network to have a system updated

· a processor with the virtualization features enabled (often activated by default)

In virtualization, the guest OS is the virtualized system (so our Kali Linux) and the host OS is our Linux system. You can summarize the configuration that was created by you. Then launch the installation click on the green arrow button to start .

On the next screen, you will see the installer options, select Graphical install.

After the selection of Graphical install, you have to follow all the steps the same as you have done at the time of installation of Kali Linux on VMware.

Installation of Kali Linux On AWS

Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides on-demand cloud computing platforms and APIs to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis. In aggregate, these cloud computing web services provide a set of primitive abstract technical infrastructure and distributed computing building blocks and tools. One of these services is Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, which allows users to have at their disposal a virtual cluster of computers, available all the time, through the Internet.

For more detail description refer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services.

Prerequisites

· An Aws account

· Minimum 2 GB RAM (to run Metasploit)

Login to https://aws.amazon.com/console/ to navigate web services. From the compute services, select EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) and click on Launch Instance.

Click on AWS Marketplace, to search the AMI (Machine Image of Kali Linux)

In the search, tab writes Kali Linux, to the Kali AMI and then click on select.

After selection, you can see the summary of all the instances types, software, amount available for Kali Linux. (As per your requirement you can choose, also free tier instance is also available).Then click on continue.

Now you can choose instance type as per your budget, you can select t2micro along with vcpu 1,2.5GHz, Intel Xeon Family,1GiB memory, EBS only). But to run the Metasploit to need minimum of 2 GB RAM, you can opt t2 small or t2 medium.

Review the selected instance and click on the launch.

Here, you need to create a new key pair and give a name to the key . Click on download key pair as you will not be able to download the file again after it’s created. Then click on Launch Instances.

Save the Downloaded .pem file.

Click on Launch Instances

After Launch instance, you can see the instance is running even you can provide the name to your created instance. Click on connect to get access to SSH with other information on public DNS.

For a Linux user:

You can access the Kali AWS from a linux machine. Set the permissions and connect the SSH server:

Command: chmod 400 ignite.pem

ssh -I ignite.pem root@ec2-18-221-4-175.us-east.2.compute.amazonaws.com

For Window Users:

Open the puttygen and load the previously downloaded private key to convert it into a putty supported format.

Save the private key and close the Puttygen program. Open the Putty program to connect it with Kali Linux, in hostname put the public DNS details and load the private key in the Auth tab under the SSh navigation.

Then click on open

Login with username ec2-user and your kali Linux from the cloud is ready. As this is minimal installation, to get all the tools run the command apt-get install kali-linux-full

Note: You should not go over the usage limit otherwise you will be charged and need to pay the bill.

Installation of Kali on Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a low-cost, credit-card-sized ARM computer. Despite being a good bit less powerful than a laptop or desktop PC, its affordability makes it an excellent option for a tiny Linux system and it can do far more than act as a media hub.

The Raspberry Pi provides an SD card slot for mass storage and will attempt to boot off that device when the board is powered on.

By default, the Kali Linux Raspberry Pi image has been streamlined with the minimum tools, similar to all the other ARM images. If you wish to upgrade the installation to a standard desktop installation, you can include the extra tools by installing the kali-Linux-full meta-package.

For more details please refer https://github.com/thehackingsage/HackPi.

Prerequisites

· Kali Linux Raspberry 2,3, 4 ARM images.

· SD card (minimum size 8 GB but can use 16GB 0r even 32 Gb)

· Bootable Kali

First, download the Kali Linux 2 or more image file for a raspberry file from the https://www.offensive-security.com/kali-linux-arm-images/#1493408272250-e17e9049-9ce8.

I need to write it to the SD card. Choose the Kali Linux ISO file to be imaged with “select image” and verify that the USB drive to be overwritten is the correct one. Click the “Flash!” button once ready.

Once Etcher alerts you that the image has been flashed, you can safely remove the USB drive and proceed to boot into Kali with it.

Now, you can have a plugged raspberry pi device with the bootable SD card into the monitor. After powering up the raspberry pi 3 b, it will go through a bootup process and the screen will go blank for a few seconds.

For the final step, a login prompt will appear asking for a username and a password. The default should be 'root' and 'toor' respectively.

Thank you

In today’s article we will face an Intermediate challenge. Introducing the In Plain Sight:1 virtual machine, created by “bzyo_” and is available on Vulnhub. This is another Capture the Flag challenge where we have to escalate privileges to find the root flag to complete the challenge.

Since these labs are available on the Vulnhub Website. We will be downloading the lab file from this link.

Penetration Testing Methodology

· Network Scanning

o netdiscover

o nmap port scan

· Enumeration

o FTP Enumeration

o Browsing HTTP Service

o Enumerating the wordpress

· Exploitation

o Get a meterpreter session

· Post exploitation

o Reading passwords from file

o Login into MySQL to find hashes

o Using john to crack the hashes

· Privilege escalation

o Using su command

o Finding password

o Checking for SUID

Walkthrough

Network Scanning

The first step is to identify the target. So, to identify our target we will use the following command:

netdiscover

Now we will use Nmap to gain information about the open ports and the services running on the target machine and for this, type the following command :

nmap -p- 192.168.43.8

From the nmap scan we can see that the Port 21, 22, 80 is open, it means we have the FTP, SSH and HTTP services running simultaneously. Firstly, let’s try enumeration with anonymous login on FTP.

After logging in anonymously, we can see that there is a file todo.txt. Download this file using the get command. The content of todo.txt file doesn’t seem to be useful. You can read the file by using cat command.

As FTP wasn’t useful to us, we can now browse the website to see if we can find some information. And for this, open the IP address in our browser.

This is an Apache2 Ubuntu Default page but after exploring it carefully we can see a line hinting to “/var/www/html/index.html”. So, let’s explore this page.

This page looks like a normal page but when we click anywhere on the page then it will lead us to the following new webpage :

As we can see that this webpage lets you to upload any image. So here we tried to upload the image and we succeed but when we try to upload a .php file the webpage give us an error. Upon exploring more, the URL of the webpage caught our attention and you can see that it looks like a hash so we copied it and tried to crack it by using john.

It was “goodluck”. At this point we were just being trolled.

We then tried to upload a simple .php file and when uploading a .php file we come across the follwoing error :

But this error leads us to a new page “upload.php”. Let’s check the source code of this page.

Yes! There is a comment at the end of the source code. And this is a base64 encoded text, so let’s try to decode it by using the following command :

echo c28tZGV2LXdvcmRwcmVzcw== | base64 -d

When the text is decoded, it looks like a directory or a webpage. But before exploring it let’s see if there are more pages or not. Hence, use dirbuster.

There are many pages and as the result shows us that CMS is wordpress, therefore, we can use wpscan to plough through the two specified pages that mentions wordpress. And for that use the following command :

wpcan --url "http://192.168.43.8/wordpress" --enumerate

Similarly, let’s enumerate the other page.

wpcan --url "http://192.168.43.8/so-dev-wordpress" --enumerate

As you can see in the above image there are three users. And we have there usernames, we can simply use bruteforce to find their respective passwords and for that type :

wpscan --url "http://192.168.43.8/wordpress" -U bossperson -P /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt

Alas, we couldn’t find any password but not to worry as we can run the same command for the other page, let’s try it by typing :

wpscan --url "http://192.168.43.8/so-dev-wordpress" -U admin,mike -P /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt

And so, we finally found the password for the user admin. So now, let’s try to upload a shell using msfconsole. And through Metasploit we will use exploit/unix/webapp/wp_admin_shell_upload.

Once the exploit is initiated, type the set of following commands :

set PASSWORD admin1

set RHOST 192.168.43.8

set USERNAME admin

set TARGETURI /so-dev-wordpress

exploit

As you can see, we are successful in getting our session, lets move onto shell of the target system and for that type shell and hit enter. And the next thing you know is you are in the shell of the target system. Now to get a proper authenticated session of shell type the following command :

python3 -c ‘import pty;pty.spawn(“/bin/sh”)’

As we have managed to get a shell. So now, we will explore the system more to find some useful files.

Upon changing the directory, we found wp-config.php. as it is a config file, there’s bound to be usefull information. Thus, we will try to read it’s content using the cat command :

cat wp-config.php

These credentials are of mysql as you can see the prefix DB used which probably stands for DataBsase. So, we can try to login into mysql using these credentials and therefore, use the following commands :

bash // (to get a shell)

mysql -u sodevwp -p;

Yes, we are in! Let’s try and explore it further.

We found a database “sodevwp” and hence, to change the database type :

show databases;

use sodevwp

show tables;

select * from sodevwp_users;

Once the above commands are used successfully, you will find the following two hashes :

$P$BD/ZmfBIhgjHKtkLpPKfhr2t5EDgZA. (for user admin)

$P$B3halPOgh4jqI1tDelkv5TGAHnaOC01 (for user mike)

We will now use john the riper with rockyou wordlist to crack these hashes and for that type :

john cracker -wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

As you can see in the image above that we found our passwords to the two major users and those are :

admin:admin1

mike: skuxdelux

Now, try and switch the user to mike and you can observe in the image below that you can successfully do that; which means cracking the passwords was successful.

Let’s move on for privilege escalation. Now, when you change your directory to /home and there you found a new user “joe”

And without wasting any time we traversed through etc/passwd

With etc/passwd we found out that password to ‘joe’ is SmashMouthNoThanks. So now, lets switch the user to joe with the foretold password.

And just like that we have the access of the user ‘joe’.

Now to move forward the only thing we have to do is to get the last flag of the target. And to get the it we check for SUID using the command find. -perm /4000. Before executing this command, we will change our directory to “/” and after running the command we find the following useful binaries.